Series I bonds (sold since September 1998) are bought at face value and grow with a composite rate: a fixed rate set for the bond's life plus an inflation adjustment that resets every May and November. That makes their value path hard to compute by hand — the Treasury's published tables are the only authoritative source, and that's what the calculator reads.
Millions of paper I bonds were issued through the IRS tax-refund program (2010–2024, denominations $50 to $5,000). They work the same as any I bond — pick "Series I", the printed denomination and the issue date, and you'll get the exact redemption value. Keep the whole stack organized in the private inventory.
I bonds bought in 2021–2022 rode record 7.12% and 9.62% inflation rates; many holders don't realize how much they've grown — or that rates have since fallen, which changes the hold-or-cash math. See today's exact value first, then decide.